Writing a phd dissertation about maritime terrorism
My notes:
I am looking for a phd writer in law who has an experience in dissertation.. Please if you have not written a PhD paper before please do not accept this prder.
I am studying phd in law and my research topic is mechanism to combat Maritime terrorism in international law and Saudi Arabia.
I wrote a research proposal and my supervisor said
(your proposal that you wrote, is perhaps a little bit descriptive, and I wanted to make it a bit more theoretical and analytical side put forward the idea to you of the idea of a multiplicity of risks)
So I have a lot of points that you have to follow.so if you follow them and write the paper as theoretical and analytical, I will ask you to complete all chapters, however, if you do not follow the structures, I am sorry I will request a refund.
so I will have a meeting with my supervisor soon and he will ask me to extend my research proposal and make it a chapter for the first six months. so first he asked me to write the definition and the background of my research as a PhD dissertation and academic.
Please if you do not understand any point, let me know, do not write something you do not understand. I will check my points if you follow them or not so please make sure you understand that.
first, I want to write 5 pages then I will ask you to write more but first I want to see if you understand to write a PhD dissertation i maritime terrorism
Please write the paper as an international student.
Please read the transfer report on pages 18 to 23. his research about terrorism in financing but I want you to see how he wrote the paper and add a citation in each sentence, so you have to write a citation in each sentence
Also, look at the file name Kandlar page 9 TO 12
3.2.1 Defining Terrorism to get an idea and help you to write the paper. but do not use KANDLR as a citation.
I would like you to write 5 pagesfor the definition of maritime terrorism, the background, the conventions, Please you must read the file name the transfer report page 18 to 23. The student writes each sentence with a source so I must have a source in each sentence.
If you are a phd writer, I expect you to know how to be synthesizing, critically thinking, and analyzing the sources. So please if you do not have an experience do not accept it.
I need you to read the file name (transfer report) from page 18 (5.2.1 Definition of Terrorism) to 23(The phenomenon of Terrorism)
My supervisor required the OSCOLA referencing style. So, you must use this style. If you do not have experience, please do not accept this order because my supervisor is so strict with this style, and he always got mad if the referencing is not correct.
I hope you use MENDELEY or Zotero or Endnote. I will send you the referencing style but if you have not done it before, please do not accept it
I want you to send me a separate file with pages you cited so I can locate the sources and discuss with my supervisor. For example
You can send me like
First source: page 7 in paragraph 3
Second source: page 5 paragraph 2
It’s so important to know the page you cited. It’s a phd so I need to know the page number and the paragraph please.
I know I have a lot of instructors, but this will be one time then you will understand my points, it ask you to complete the thesis.
I want to make my paper similar but not the same. What I mean is the student talked first in page 19 about
lack of definition
Then
The term ‘terrorism
Then
French revolution
Then
History of definition like By the mid-19th century
Then
Then problem with the definition in international law
Then The reason for that is that a comprehensive definition
Then the cause of not having defntiton
then Saudi definition
then UK defitnioh
so I want to make it similar but not the same his sources. I have my sources so please use all the sources below
-Do not use any references from the student.
Important: I organized the sentences as in order.
so if you think some sentences are not related, you can change the order of the sentences.
If you find a source that connect with another sentence that’s ok as lon as the source an academic source from UK or USA.
-Do not use the same source more than 2 I need as many sources.
-I expect you to use all the sources I provided below
-If you see duplicates source and the same idea, please use one do not duplicate the sentence with the same idea
-Please not plagiarisms. My supervisor is so strict, and he found a plagiarism before with a student so please I do not need any treble.
My sources:
Open file name sea and see the sentence below
Maritime terrorism is a politically motivated crime launched by sea. It is sometimes
considered as an act of war
Open file name piracy page 24 6.1 Maritime Terrorism
You will see this sentence so cite it.
Just as there is no authoritative definition of terrorism as such, ‘maritime terrorism’
is hard to define.
Also you will see this sentence
Luck of defntiton
then open the link and can say in the 5th pargraph
https://www.ejiltalk.org/international-law-and-maritime-terrorism/
the legal definition of international/maritime terrorism is not yet consolidated in international law.
then open the file name sea page 2 and you will see this sentence
As with maritime security, the term ‘maritime terrorism’ doesn’t have an internationally agreed definition.
Open file name Jason Power page 5 and 6.
The definition of terrorism changes depending upon who is defining it.
Overall, the problem with defining terrorism is that to some,
these terrorists are heroes for a cause, while to others they are arguably nothing
more than villains inflicting terror for political motive
Many terrorist cells act for a religious purpose, which makes them similar to freedom fighters, thus giving them an almost
heroic quality.
Open file piracy page 24 second pargraph
The prefix ‘maritime’ also raises
definitional questions, as there simply are no exclusively maritime insurgencies for
the simple reason that the oceans are uninhabited.
Then open the link
https://www.orfonline.org/research/maritime-terrorism-in-asia-an-assessment-56581/#_edn11
terrorism has a political dimension, with objectives that are primarily ideological. In this telling, a violent incident at sea can only be deemed to be an act of ‘terrorism’ if its ideological and political motives are clear.
The history of the definition (France)
Open the link and put the word terorsim comes form . you will see the pargraph below In 8pargraph
https://www.pogo.org/investigation/2015/02/brief-history-of-terrorism/
Nationalists and Anarchists
The English word ‘terrorism’ comes from the regime de la terreur that prevailed in France from 1793-1794.
Open file name history page 9
You will see this pargraph
To understand terrorism, first we must try to define the complex concept. Historically, the term terrorism derived from the Latin word terrere, meaning, “to cause to tremble”. Throughout the centuries, the term has been linked mostly with politics and clashing political views. For example, in the 18th century, the French masses rose against the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette for their decadence during a fiscal crisis. The commoners wanted their government to change; therefore they filled the streets with their presence and stormed the Bastille to regain control; thus leading to the French Revolution. This example of “terrorism” seems completely justified: the rulers of a broke country pampered themselves in luxury, while they ignored the needs of the masses. Today, the definition of the word has taken somewhat of a dramatic turn
Open the link and you will see this paragraph
You will see this paragraph so add one sentence and you can say historically the word ….
The word `terrorism’ was first popularized during the French Revolution. In contrast to its contemporary usage, at that time terrorism had a decidedly positive connotation.
(Terrorism: A system of terror. 1. Government by intimidation as directed and carried out by the party in power in France during the revolution of 1789-94; the system of `Terror’. 2. gen. A policy intended to strike with terror those against whom it is adopted; the employment of methods of intimidation; the fact of terrorizing or condition of being terrorized.)
(Terrorism: A system of terror. 1. Government by intimidation as directed and carried out by the party in power in France during the revolution of 1789-94; the system of `Terror’. 2. gen. A policy intended to strike with terror those against whom it is adopted; the employment of methods of intimidation; the fact of terrorizing or condition of being terrorized.)
Then open file name France 1 page 4 last paragraph. Add the oxford definitions for terrorism
the 1790s, the Oxford English Dictionary
gives two definitions for terrorism: (1) ‘‘government by intimidation as directed
and carried out by the party in power in France during the Revolution of 1789–94 . . . ’’
and (2) ‘‘policy intended to strike with terror those against whom it is adopted.’’ Both
definitions point to the asymmetrical deployment of threats and violence against enemies
outside the forms of political struggle routinely operating within the current regime.
The word terror itself entered the West’s political vocabulary as a name for French
revolutionaries’ actions against their domestic enemies in 1793 and 1794. It referred to
governmental repression, most directly in the form of executions. About
then open file name France 2 page 1 and add one sentence and make it connected to the other.
You will see this sentence
what he meant by ‘terror’. It was not a political programme or an ideology, but a means to an end: the triumph of republican democracy over its many enemies.
Important: I organized the sentences as in order. You might change the order of the sentences to be connected. With coherences when you write. For example, you might write this sentence before this source. I want to make the sentences
as synthesizing
Then open the file name history 2 and you will see highlighted on page 9 .
You can say the sentence below. please write sentence. You can say however, the terror word came before France revolution
Historians of terrorism may point out that the word “terror” applies to the state terror of the French Revolution, but they often neglect to add that, to varying degrees, the phenomenon was a constant of earlier eras and has also been prevalent ever since. Indeed, terrorism, the principal aim of which is to terrorize, is a historically far broader phenomenon
than suggested by the term’s current usage.
Open the file name chalk page 41 from above or 19)
You will see
Historically, the world’s oceans have not been a major locus of terrorist
activity. Indeed, according to the RAND Terrorism Database, strikes
on maritime targets and assets have constituted only two percent of
all international incidents over the last 30 years.
Open this link and talk one sentec in the 1900
you will see many sentence for example
And In the early 1990s the meaning and usage of the term `terrorism’ were further blurred by the emergence of two new buzzwords: `narco-terrorism’ and the so-called `gray area phenomenon’
late twentieth century
another grossly over-used term that has similarly become an indispensable part of the argot of the late twentieth century — most people have a vague idea or impression of what terrorism is, but lack a more precise, concrete and truly explanatory definition of the word.
Open file name sea page 2 you will see the pargrpah below. please put it in appropriate place.
The evidence shows that, in recent years, maritime terrorism has become terrorists’ new focus. This is partly due
to the fact that international commercial ships and other maritime infrastructures, such as mega ports and
offshore oil and gas rigs, appear to be soft targets for maritime terrorism. Maritime terrorists target maritime
infrastructures with the goal of causing significant damage to human life and the environment, as well as
triggering large financial losses. For example, blowing up an LNG ship, an oil tanker, a passenger ship or a mega
port would have devastating effects on the maritime supply chain and on the economy; in extreme cases, there
could be huge loss of life
Open this link and you will see the sentence below
https://www.ejiltalk.org/international-law-and-maritime-terrorism/
Yet, maritime terrorism has received limited attention, arguably because most terrorist attacks take place on land or aircrafts.
Then open the file name Kandler page 11 you will see the pargraph below
( my idea is the previous source is about there is no attention in martime terrorism then I would add the percentage is small only 0.2%
Currently, terrorist attacks occurring at sea present only 0,2-2% of all violent acts committed by terrorists (within the last 30 years).32 According to the Global Terrorism Database, 314 incidents of maritime terrorism (in accordance with the working definition applied in this study) occurred between 1970 and 2014.33 But when analysing these data, one needs to bear in mind that incidents of terrorism are often not reported because they are either not newsworthy or successful, but would still cause higher costs for the operator due to delays or raising insurance rates.34
Then open the file name sea page 2 the sentence below
Most terrorists do not have the necessary maritime
skills. Obtaining competency at sea, for example, is both expensive and time-consuming. These are some of the reasons why terrorists prefer land oversea
Open the file name piracy page 24 (6.1 Maritime Terrorism) second paragraph you will see the sentence so cite it
as there simply are no exclusively maritime insurgencies for the simple reason that the oceans are uninhabited. What we are left with for possible
inclusion in the categories of maritime guerrilla warfare or terrorism are thus maritime
aspects or segments of rebellions which are primarily terrestrial.
Even though maritime terrorism has so far been a very minor problem, one cannot completely discount the rather widespread fears of much worse to come.
Also this might cite it in different place. If you think there is no connection in any place leave it
Then open file name International Maritime Law page 475
12.2.2 The international legal instruments to combat maritime terrorism
And cite this sentence
Although the international concern for the security of ships, cargoes, passengers,
and crews had been growing steadily over the past several years, it was the Achille
Lauro13 incident which awakened the maritime
Although the international concern for the security of ships, cargoes, passengers,
and crews had been growing steadily over the past several years, it was the Achille
Lauro13 incident which awakened the maritime community to the real threat or
impact that terrorism could pose to the industry.
Most‘nightmare scenarios’ envisage a use of ships as floating bombs or as delivery vehicles
for explosive devices, perhaps even nuclear ones; or attacks against passenger ships,
such as a ferry or cruise ship, that are simply intended to cause a maximum of fatalities;
or the sinking of ships in order to produce a maximum of economic damage, for
instance, by blocking congested and narrow waterways such as the Malacca Straits
or the Suez Canal. One might also envisage attacks intended to cause environmental
then open the file Catherine Zara Raymond and add the sentence below
Potential Consequences of a Maritime Terrorist Attack
Terrorist attacks are by definition very difficult to predict and the scale of any such
attack will vary considerably from case to case. While the human costs are likely to
be low, unless the attack is carried out against a ferry or cruise ship, the economic
impact is likely to be much greater.
Open the file Juan Pablo Pérez-León-Acevedo1 page 3 and you will see this sentence
Although there have been so far only a few maritime terrorist incidents, their
number may increase depending on how Al-Qaida, the Islamic State and/or other
international terrorist groups grow
open the link and you will see
https://ourworldindata.org/terrorism
In this chart we see the number of deaths from terrorism by region in 2017. Of the 26,445 global deaths from terrorism included in the Global Terrorism Database, 95% occurred in the Middle East, Africa or South Asia. Less than 2% of deaths were in Europe, the Americas and Oceania combined.
The Middle East and North Africa had by far the largest number of deaths in 2017; but not all countries were affected.
then open the link
https://dema.az.gov/sites/default/files/Publications/AR-Terrorism%20Definitions-BORUNDA.pdf
The difficulty in defining “terrorism” is in agreeing on a basis for determining when the use of violence
Then open the link and you will see the definition
Then you can put howevwe,
The European Commission Joint Communication to the European parliament and the Council entitled “For an Open and Secure Global Maritime Domain: Elements for a European Union Maritime Security Strategy”, defines maritime terrorism as “any violent act with political ends against ships, cargo and passengers, ports and port facilities and critical maritime infrastructure”.
Then Open the file name (Maritime Terrorism_ Risk and Liability in page 41
you will see definition by (CSCAP) So please cite it.
Then open the link
https://www.orfonline.org/research/maritime-terrorism-in-asia-an-assessment-56581/#_edn11
however, sees the phenomenon as “any premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets at sea by sub-national groups or clandestine agents”.[12]As many see it, terrorism has a political dimension, with objectives that are primarily ideological. In this telling, a violent incident at sea can only be deemed to be an act of ‘terrorism’ if its ideological and political motives are clear.[
then open file name maritime terrorism page 9
Yet despite the breadth of this definition, the world’s oceans
have not historically been a major locus of terrorist activity. Indeed,
according to the RAND Terrorism Database, seaborne strikes have
constituted only 2 percent of all international incidents over the last
30 years. What explains the apparent contradiction between current
concerns regarding maritime terrorism and existing evidence of terrorist
Lack of defitntion
Open the file name USA page 4 and you will see the sentence below
the UN has, for the moment,
resigned itself to the fact that it is impossible to reach agreement on a
common definition.”,
The lack of definition
Then cite the auother name Walker clive. I will send you the page of his book.
in reality a generic definition of terrorism exists neither in treaty law nor in customary international law.23
Difficulty with defirntion in international law
https://dema.az.gov/sites/default/files/Publications/AR-Terrorism%20Definitions-BORUNDA.pdf
open file name international maritime law page 475 and you will see the sentence highlighted
There are no provisions in UNCLOS that deal directly with maritime terrorism.
Then open the file name UN General Assembly, Human Rights Council
And you will see the paragraph below so cite it as a confirmation what Clive walker said
I. Defining Terrorism: An Overview
3. Despite the pressing need for a universally accepted definition of terrorism, and the significant impact that this would have on current and future anti-terrorism efforts, the term has become politically and emotionally charged and consequently, there is no universal agreement on what it entails.
Cause if not finding defitnion
Effect of not having defntion
Definition of Saudi
Open the link and you will see the deifntion
https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2014-02-04/saudi-arabia-new-terrorism-law-in-effect/
Critizing of saudi
Open the link and you will see
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21585&LangID=E
you will see
The Special Rapporteur on human rights and counter-terrorism, Ben Emmerson, says Saudi laws on terrorism do not comply with international standards. He urged an end to the prosecution of people including human rights defenders, writers and bloggers simply for expressing non-violent views.
“Despite many positive developments, I am concerned about the unacceptably broad definition of terrorism and the use of Saudi Arabia’s 2014 counter-terrorism law and other national security provisions against human rights defenders, writers, bloggers, journalists and other peaceful critics,” said Mr. Emmerson in a statement marking the end of a five-day mission to the country.
Definition of US
https://dema.az.gov/sites/default/files/Publications/AR-Terrorism%20Definitions-BORUNDA.pdf
then open the file name (USA) and you will see this sentences as a comparative( I want to say the USA has many definition not one even they are one country they do not agree with a definition)
found that practically every agency in the
United States government with a counterterrorism mission uses a different
definition of terrorism.”8 To illustrate the point, here
Uk defitnion
https://dema.az.gov/sites/default/files/Publications/AR-Terrorism%20Definitions-BORUNDA.pdf
please open file name Clive. Open page 20 and 21.you will see the definition and Clive critize the deitnion so please cite what he said. Its important to mention his criticism
History of maritime terrorism
I need you first to read the file name (Catherine Zara Raymond)
on Page 3 and 4 (Historical Context ) And make this section similar to it.
so please read it carefully and make my paper similar to it but in different sources.
please look at the sources below and use them all. You can choose each source with a different incident. But please organize them and write the incidents as in order.
You can start by saying similar to this sentence and cite it
Open the file name chalk page 41 and you will see this sentec
Historically, the world’s oceans have not been a major locus of terrorist
activity
File name Maritime Insurgency page 1 and you can start first to talk about the piracy.
file name (Catherine Zara Raymond) page3 and 4
File name Terrorism and Political Violence page 2 I highlighted the paragraph
file name Maritime Terrorism Risk and Liability Page 51 to 55 you will see a a table of the incidents of maritime terrorism
file name Bradford on page 9 and 10 abu syaf
file name chalk page 42 and 43 from above
file name To Catch a Pirate_ Analyzing Processes of Policy Making on Mariti page 27 and 28
then united nation conventions
International conventions
Please look at the transfer report page 32 (5.1.1 International level) and write similar to the style. You can see he put a citation in each sentence so I want to make it similar but of course different information.
Please open the link and write
https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/international-legal-instruments
you will see the paragraph brelow, so write one sentence like 19 international legal instruments and since 1963 and put the citation
Since 1963, the international community has elaborated 19 international legal instruments to prevent terrorist acts. Those instruments were developed under the auspices of the United Nations and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and are open to participation by all Member States. Here is a summary of the 19 universal legal instruments and additional amendments dealing with terrorism. (For the full text of the documents click on the title)
Then open the link and talk about the first convnetion
SOLAS
Tehn open the link and talk one sentence about ISPSS
https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/SOLA…
then Open file Maritime Terrorism Risk and Liability by Greenberg M.D., Chalk P., Willis H.H., Khilko I., Ortiz D.S. (z-lib.org) page 95 and you will see the reason of ISPSS( It came after 2011) the paragraph below cite it. So you can say furthermore, in 2011….. DO NOT FORGET TO CITE IT
Maritime Security Regulations:
In the wake of the September 11 attacks, both U.S. regulations and
international maritime security conventions were strengthened to protect
against potential terrorist threats. Related international rules were
established in December 2002 under the International Ship and Port
Facility Security (ISPS) Code, as an amendment to the International
Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS).
then UNCLOS
1982
https://www.iucn.org/theme/marine-and-polar/our-work/international-ocean-governance/unclos
then open
https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/international-legal-instruments
Then go down you will see the convneiton for maritime navigation
You can see this convnetions in the file name international maritime law page 477 and 478 I hlighted them
In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on 11
September 2001, it had become clear that the shipping industry needed a new,
more stringent, and more comprehensive set of measures to address the question
of maritime security.
Furthermore, it was felt that the SUA Convention 1988 and the SUA Protocol
1988 required a complete overhaul. Accordingly, the 2005 Protocol to the
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime
Navigation (SUA Convention 2005)22 and the 2005 Protocol to the 1988
Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms
Located on the Continental Shelf (SUA Protocol 2005),23 were adopted by
the IMO.
The United Nations Secretary-General has reiterated that although there are a
number of global and regional instruments covering a wide range of terrorist
offences, with specific regard to terrorist acts involving shipping, offshore installations,
and other maritime interests it is only the SOLAS (more specifically the ISPS
Code), the SUA Convention 1988, SUA Protocol 1988, SUA Convention 2005,
and SUA Protocol 2005 that are applicable.24
Instrument regarding the maritime navigation
1988 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime NavigationPDF
- Establishes a legal regime applicable to acts against international maritime navigation that is similar to the regimes established for international aviation; and
- Makes it an offence for a person unlawfully and intentionally to seize or exercise control over a ship by force, threat, or intimidation; to perform an act of violence against a person on board a ship if that act is likely to endanger the safe navigation of the ship; to place a destructive device or substance aboard a ship; and other acts against the safety of ships.
- Criminalizes the use of a ship as a device to further an act of terrorism;
- Criminalizes the transport on board a ship various materials knowing that they are intended to be used to cause, or in a threat to cause, death or serious injury or damage to further an act of terrorism;
- Criminalizes the transporting on board a ship of persons who have committed an act of terrorism; and
- Introduces procedures for governing the boarding of a ship believed to have committed an offence under the Convention.
- Establishes a legal regime applicable to acts against fixed platforms on the continental shelf that is similar to the regimes established against international aviation.
- Adapts the changes to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation to the context of fixed platforms located on the continental shelf.
Regional convention
Arab agreement 1998
The Arab conventions
https://www.refworld.org/docid/3de5e4984.html
add one sentence for example you can start by saying regionally,
Then open the link and you will see this sentence so add it as the problem with the convention
Amnesty International is concerned that the Convention, which is already in force, is being implemented in the absence of any monitoring requirement.
Or
The definition of ‘terrorism’ in the Convention is so broad that it lends itself to wide interpretation and abuse,’ the organisation said. Other terms in the Convention, including ‘violence’, ‘terrorist purposes’, ‘terrorist elements’, and ‘terrorist groups’ are not defined
Or you might find better sentence in the link
then Organization of Islamic corporation 1999
https://ww1.oic-oci.org/english/convenion/terrorism_convention.htm
https://www.refworld.org/docid/3de5e6646.html
then Gulf Cooperation Council agreements GCC) 2004(
The Arab Gulf Cooperation Council countries have also intensified their efforts in order to reach a security strategy to combat terrorism
In the year 2004 AD, the countries of the Council reached the signing of the “Convention of the Cooperation Council for Combating Terrorism”, which was ratified by most of the countries of the Council and became effective.
then one sentence
please try to find an English source about GCC. Because the information above was in Arabic and I translated. I
thenopen the link
you will see this sentence
Human Rights Watch is also concerned by definitions of terrorism that are too broad – that label, or could easily be used to label, acts of peaceful expression, association and assembly as terrorist actions. We urge that OIC member states, in reiterating the OIC’s commitment to the struggle against terrorism, undertake to do so in a manner that is consistent with longstanding and universally recognized international human rights standards.
